Resources

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Published works

More published research

Published paper

Making AI Productive

Philip Oreopoulos et al.

A study of 6,000+ students finds that AI is most productive for learning when structured to help students work through mistakes rather than bypass effort.

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Published paper

Generic AI Risks

Hamsa Bastani et al.

Unrestricted AI can become a cognitive crutch that improves immediate performance while actually harming students’ independent learning.

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Published paper

Scaffolding

Mireia Vendrell & Samantha-Kaye Johnston

Thoughtfully scaffolded AI can strengthen critical thinking by preserving cognitive effort and helping students extend their reasoning rather than replace it.

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Grounded in research on productive struggle vs. cognitive offloading — how guided challenge builds durable learning, and how unexamined AI use can erode it.

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